Monica+and+JuYeon

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Outline: Basics: What is a joint? What do they do? A joint is a place when two or more bones touch each other. It allows movement and supports.

3 Types

Fibrous joints are located between bones that are very close to each other, such as metacarpals and carpals, metatarsals and tarsals. Commonly found in the skull, these joints fuse between two plates of bone, allowing movement to grow but still holding bones together. A joint stuck between two bones to allow some, but mostly restricted movement while being bound together. Found between the tibia and fibula. Peg and socket joints found in the jaw and teeth.
 * Fibrous joints**
 * Sutures
 * Syndesmosis
 * Gomphosis

Cartilanginous joints are found usually between articulating bones, and prevent wear  and tear on the bones themselves, as well as reduce friction. Formed when bones are growing, and provides strong support until replaced by bone. Allows more movement then fibrous joints, but still holds restrictions. Usually found between the vertebrae and in the pubis area of the pelvic bone.
 * Cartilanginous joints**
 * Primary (synchondrosis)
 * Secondary (symphysis)

Synovial joints allow the most movement between bones, and are also the most common. A synovial capsule covers each joint, which has an inner layer called the synovial membrane. The membrane secrets synovial fluids that help soften movement between the bones. There are six types of joints, which allow seventeen ranges of moments.
 * Synovial Joints**
 * Hinge (Elbow, knee)
 * Gliding (Vertebrae)
 * Pivot (Cervical area of the vertebrae)
 * Ball-and-Socket (Hips, shoulder)
 * Saddle (Thumb)
 * Condyloid (Wrists, ankles)
 * **Types of joints** || **Where they are found** ||  ||
 * Hinge || Elbow, Knee || [[image:http://letsmakerobots.com/files/userpics/u2941/elbow.gif width="196" height="174"]] ||
 * Gliding || Vertebrae || [[image:http://letsmakerobots.com/files/userpics/u2941/joint1Esaddle.gif width="220" height="263"]] ||
 * Pivot || Cervical area (vertebrae) || [[image:http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/940/672504.JPG width="295" height="123"]] ||
 * Ball-and-Socket || Hips, Shoulder || [[image:http://www.zimmer.com/web/enUS/images/products/surgery/shoulder_surgery1.jpg width="190" height="272"]] ||
 * Saddle || Thumb || [[image:http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/SADDLE.JPG width="304" height="216"]] ||
 * Condyloid || Wrists, Ankles || [[image:http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/imagesAP1/bones/joint%20images/glidingjoint.jpg width="272" height="229"]] ||

> downwards
 * Flexion – Decreasing the angle of a joint[[image:http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSxbbfUvsuiyikS63ZqhZQlYL-7p-McYPd1nDYcP2dG6lN6wWFu width="256" height="195" align="right"]]
 * Extension – Increasing the angle of a joint
 * Supination – Angling the wrists so that the palms face up
 * Pronation – Angling the wrists so that the palms face down
 * Hyperextension – Flexing the angle of a joint past 180 degree
 * Plantar flexion – Moving the foot so it points down[[image:http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSYCCqizXV6xuyyPfZ1_pFhD8Y4-dVo6wGVSRPC2CBD1rGBgF2v width="170" height="117" align="right"]]
 * Dorsiflexion – Moving the foot so that it points you.
 * Adduction – Moving towards the middle of the body
 * Abduction – Moving away from the middle of the body
 * Circumduction – Moving in a circular motion[[image:http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTr9VulPc7XHHNPnro5EJNT_-m0bt0nDA5ljQgQ1axX42R99aTD width="128" height="78" align="right"]]
 * [[image:Unknown-1.jpeg width="234" height="174" align="right"]]Rotation – Moving around a central point
 * Elevation– Moving upwards
 * Depression – Moving [[image:http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRgtcHl4dBekcNGi6HpyuavrlyBDCCnfwhzPwgY958e8C4LQRZyOg width="259" height="195" align="right"]][[image:http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSZ2Ao9o8R1z1UF0w0a80mvDyR2h4XmG8E0nnELoRUaPAYIAz6RlA width="149" height="137" align="right"]]
 * Inversion – Angling the foot towards the middle of the body
 * Eversion – Angling the foot away from the middle of the body
 * Protraction – Moving horizontally forwards
 * Retraction – Moving horizontally backwards