Vanette

 **Joints & Limb Movements**  [|Vanette's Joints and Limb Movement Video] Note: I was not able to Upload the Video to this Wiki because it is a bit longer than the maximum time. Above is a link to the YouTube Video:-)        **Fibrous Joints**  These are joints that are firmly held together by a thin layer of strong connective tissue.  This is a joint that is also known as immovable joint, as the name gives it away, there is no movemenet  between the bones such as the satures in the skull and teeth in their sockets. __Satures:__ Junctions between adjacent bones of the skull, tightly held together by fibrous connective tissue.
 * Here are the three examples of fibrous joints:

__Gomphosis:__ Type of fibrous joint in which a conical process is inserted into a socket -like portion.



__Synchondrosis:__ This is a form of fibrous joint in which opposing surfaces that are relatively far apart are united by ligaments.



**Cartilaginous Joints** Joints where the articular surfaces of the bones forming the joints are attached to each other by means of white fibrocartilaginous discs and ligaments which allow only limited degree of movement. They allow more movement between bones than fibrous joints.

__synchondrosis ( Primary):__ A form of articulation in which the bones are fused by cartilage. __Symphyses( Secondary):__ Fibrocartilaginous joints usually occurring in the midline. Example: One example of where cartilaginous joint can be found is between the manubrium and the sternum.

Synovial Joints  Freely movable joints. Most of the joints in the body are of the synovial type. The Bones of a synovial joint are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage. The Joint is completely enclosed by a back-like capsular ligament which holds the joints together and helps to contain the synovial fluid. //There are six different types of synovial joints// //**Ball-and Socket Joint**// Joints in which the distal bone is capable of motion around and indefinite number of axes,which have one common center. 360 degree rotational movement. **//Condyloid Joint//** Biaxial with a condyle that fits into a concave surface. The shape of the condyloid joints permit movement into planes allowing flexion and extension in one plane and adduction and abduction and abduction in another. E.g: Wrist joint.

This is a type of joint that allows for gliding movement between flat surfaces as the surfaces slide one another. Only a limited amount of movement is peremited. E.G: Tarsal and Carpal bones.
 * //Gliding Joint//**

These joints occur where the convex surfaces of the bone fits inro the concave surface of another bone. Movement in one place. E.g: Knee and Elbow Joints
 * //Hinge Joint//**



A type of synovial joint in which the axis of a convex articular surface is parallel with the longitudinal axis of the bone. Pivot joints allow for rotation, which can be external or internal.
 * //Pivot Joint//**

A synovial joint in which the articular surfaces of both bones are concave in one plane and convex, or saddle shaped in the other. E.g: Distal carpometacarpal joint of thumb.
 * //Saddle Joint//**

Different Limb Movements

//**Retraction:**// Moving a part backward ( pulling the chin backward). //**Depression:**// Lowering a part ( dropping the shoulders).
 * //Flexion://** A bending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint.
 * //Extension://** An unbending movement around a joint in a lim ( as the knee or elbow) that increased that increases the angle between the bones of the limn at the joint.
 * //Dorsiflexion://** Flexion in a dorsal direction ; especially flexion of the foot in in an upward direction.
 * //Plantar flexion://** Movement of the foot that flexes the foot or toes downward toward the sole.
 * //Hyperextension://** To extend so that the angle between bones of a joint is greater than normal; To extend ( as a body part) beyond the normal range or motion.
 * //Abduction://** To draw away ( as limb) from a position near or parallel to the medial axis of the body.
 * //Adduction://** Moving apart toward the midline ( returning the upper limb from the horizontal position to the side of the body).
 * //Rotation://** Moving a part around an axis ( twisting the head from side to side).
 * //Circumduction://** Movement of a limb or extremity so that the distal end describes a circle while the proximal end remains fixed.
 * //Pronation://** Turning the hand so that the palm is facing downward or posteriorly ( in anatomical position)
 * //Supination://** Turning the hand so that the palm is facing upward or anteriorly ( in anatomical position).
 * //Eversion://** Turning the foot so that the sole faces laterally.
 * //Inversion://** Turning the foot so that the sole faces medially.
 * //Protraction://** The act of moving anatomical part forward.
 * //Elevation://** Raising a part ( shrugging the shoulders).