Jake+and+Arnold

=Ladies and Gentlemen! We present to you... = __JOINTS & MOVEMENTS!__ ﻿A joint is an area where two or more bones contact. There are more joints than there are bones!! OH NO!!! It's ok because we will explain the basic bones and they will make sense to you! There are 3 types of joints
 * Fibrous joint
 * Cartilaginous joints
 * Synovial Joint

FIBROUS JOINTS **Fibrous Joints** are immovable or fixed joints that allow no movement because they are held together with bundles of strong collagen fibers. These are called synarthroses or the sutures. These are found in the head. Newborn babies have don't have sutures because they can't birthed if the head is fully formed. These also occur in **peg-and-socket** joints in your teeth to your mandible.



** CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS **
 * Joints of this type separate the vertebrae of the vertebral column


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">each<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> **intervertebral disc** is composed of a band of <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline;">**fibrocartilage**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Allow <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline;">**limited** movement
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">disc absorbs & helps equalize pressure between adjacent vertebrae when the body moves
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">They also allow movements of the vertebrae.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Examples include <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline;">**pubis symphysis** & <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline;">**first rib** with the sternum



**SYNOVIAL JOINTS** The Basics
 * Most joints within Skeletal system are synovial
 * allow free movement
 * more complex structured than fibrous or cartilaginous joints
 * some have menisci, flattened, shock-absorbing pads of fibrocartilage
 * or even bursae, fluid-filled acs
 * located between tendons
 * aid movement of tendons
 * Synovial joints are classified into:

1. Ball & Socket Joints


 * consists of a ball-shaped head that articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone
 * allows wider range of motion
 * permits movements in all planes
 * rotational movement around a central axis
 * Examples: shoulder and hip
 * You could possibly dislocate these joints, so BEWARE!!

2. Condyloid Joints
 * consists of oval-shaped condyle of one bone that fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone
 * permits a variety of movements in different planes
 * rotational movement isn’t possible
 * Examples: joints between metacarpals & phalange

3. Saddle Joint
 * both articulating bones have concave and convex regions. The surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of the other.
 * Variety of movement.
 * Looks like a saddle on a horse.
 * An example is the thumb, where you can move it all around!

4. Hinge joints
 * The joint is very similar to a door hinge.
 * The convex surface fits into the concave surface.
 * It permits only backward and forward movement.
 * Examples include Elbow, fingers, and knee



5.Pivot Joint
 * cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring formed of bone and ligament.
 * Only movements are rotation around a central axis.
 * The elbow where ulna and radius rotates is an example of this.
 * Ball-and-socket joint allows rotation, but they are different joints. Beware!

Gliding Joints
 * articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved
 * allow sliding & twisting movements
 * Examples: sacroiliac joints and joints formed by ribs 2-7 connecting with the sternum. Joints within the wrist and ankle.

MOVEMENTS <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Flexion
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases & parts come closer together

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Extension
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">straightening parts at a joint, so that angle between them increases & parts move farther apart

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dorsiflexion
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">bending the foot at the ankle toward the shin

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Plantar flexion <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hyperextension <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Abduction
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">bending the foot at the ankle toward the sole
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">excess extension of the parts at a joint, beyond anatomical position
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">moving a part away from the midline

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Adduction <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rotation
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">moving a part toward the midline
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">moving a part around the axis

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Circumduction (note that rotation and circumduction are similar)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Pronation <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Supination
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">turning hand so that the palm is facing upward or posteriorly
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">turning hand so that the palm is facing upward or anteriorly



<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Eversion <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Inversion
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Turning the foot so that the sole faces laterally.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">turning the foot so that the sole faces medially



<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Retraction
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Moving a part backwards



<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Protraction
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">moving a part forward

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Elevation
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">raising a part

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Depression
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">lowering a part

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