Lin+and+Kathryn

**Types of Joint **
> 
 * ===**Fibrous joints**: two or more bones joined by connective tissue that includes many fibers ===
 * Lie between bones that closely contact one another.
 * Thin layer of dense connective tissue joints the bones.
 * Suture (skull)
 * Joint in leg between tibia and fibula (distal end)

>
 * ===Cartilaginous joints: two or more bones joined by cartilage ===
 * Hyaline cartilage connect bones.
 * Joints of vertebral column
 * Intervertebral disc: fibrocartilage surrounding a pulpy or gelatinous core.
 * Absorbs shocks and helps equalize pressure between adjacent vertebrae when the body moves.
 * ===Synovial Joints: a freely movable joint ===
 * Most joints are these type.
 * Allow free movement.
 * Complex structurally than fibrous or cartilaginous
 * <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Articular ends covered with hyaline cartilage. (articular cartilage) surrounded by a tubular capsule of dense connective tissue.
 * <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Types:
 * <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINT**: Bone with a ball-shaped head that articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone; wider range of motion; movements in all planes
 * <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">[[image:Screen_shot_2011-10-03_at_9.49.53_AM.png caption="Ball and Socket Joint"]]


 * <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**CONDYLOID JOINT**: oval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another; Rotational movement is not possible


 * <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**GLIDING JOINT**: nearly flat, slightly curved; wrist, ankle, vertebrae; allow sliding and twisting
 * <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Ex. Metacarpals and phalanges [[image:Screen_shot_2011-10-03_at_9.48.45_AM.png width="297" height="243" caption="Gliding Joint"]]
 * <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**HINGE JOINT**: convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another
 * <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Ex. Elbow, phalanges
 * [[image:Screen_shot_2011-10-03_at_9.46.12_AM.png width="247" height="214" caption="Hinge Joint"]]
 * <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**PIVOT JOINT**: cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring formed of bone and ligament; rotation around a central axis.
 * <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Ex. Proximal end of radius and the ulna
 * <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">[[image:Screen_shot_2011-10-03_at_9.45.52_AM.png width="277" height="280" caption="pivot joint"]]
 * <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**SADDLE JOINT**: between bones whose articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions
 * <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Ex. carpal and metacarpal bones of the thumb
 * <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">[[image:Screen_shot_2011-10-03_at_9.47.45_AM.png]]

<span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Limb Movements



 * 1) <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Flexion: bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together.
 * 2) <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Extension: straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases.
 * 3) <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Dorsiflexion: bending the foot at the ankle toward the shin.
 * 4) <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Plantar flexion: bending the foot at the ankle towardthe sole.
 * 5) <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Hyperextension: excess extension of the parts at a joint, beyond the anatomical position (bending the head back beyond the upright position).
 * 6) <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Abduction: moving a part away from the midline.
 * 7) <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Adduction: moving a part toward the midline.
 * 8) <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Rotation: moving a part around an axis.
 * 9) <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Circumduction: moving a part so that its end follows a circular path. (note that rotation and circumduction are similar)
 * 10) <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Pronation: turning the hand so that the palm is facing downward or posteriorly.
 * 11) <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Supination: turning the hand so that the palm is facing upward.
 * 12) <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Eversion: turning the foot so that the sole faces laterally.
 * 13) <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Inversion: turning the foot so that the sole faces medially.
 * 14) <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Retraction: moving a part backward.
 * 15) <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Protraction: moving a part forward.
 * 16) <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Elevation: raising a part.
 * 17) <span style="color: #b95efe; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Depression: lowering a part.

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