Annie+&+Jean


 * media type="youtube" key="V055U2wFMlc" width="425" height="350"Joints **(articulations) are functional junctions between bones. They play a role in binding parts of the skeletal system, making possible bone growth, permitting parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth, and enabling the body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions. Joints are grouped according to the types of tissues (** fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial **) that binds the bones together at each junction.

=** FIBROUS JOINTS (SYNARTHROTIC JOINTS) **= -Synarthoses -dense connective tissues connect bones -between bones in close contact 1. Suture: A joint where two bony structures are united by dense fibrous tissue. An example is the sutures of the skull. 2. Gomphosis: A joint where a bony structure is implanted deep into another bony structure. An example would be the joint between a tooth and the mandible (jaw bone). 3. Syndesmosis: A joint where two bones are joined by a ligament or membrane. An example is the membrane that joins the shaft of the tibia to the shaft of the fibula in the lower leg. =** CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS (AMPHIARTHROTIC JOINTS) **= -Synarthoses -hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones 1. Symphysis: Joints where bones are connected by a fibrocartilage disk. An example is the symphysis pubis. 2. Synchondrosis: Joints that connect two bony structures by hyaline cartilage. Examples are the ends of long bones, where the bone growth is not yet complete. As the skeleton matures, the hyaline cartilage eventually ossifies. =** SYNOVIAL JOINTS (DIARTHROTIC JOINTS) **= -Diarthroses -most complex -allow free movement

1. Uni-axial: Uniaxial joints can be further categorized into hinge and pivot joints. Examples of hinge joints are the joints of the fingers, i.e. interphalangeal joints. An example of a pivot-type joint is the articulation between the axis and atlas in the cervical region, allowing true rotation of the head. In a uniaxial joint the motion is in one plane or is said to have one degree of freedom. 2. Bi-axial: In a biaxial joint, motion occurs in two planes; thus, there are two degrees of freedom. There are two types of biaxial joints: saddle and condyloid. An example of a saddle joint is the carpmetocarpal joint of the thumb, where bones fit together like an individual riding a horse while sitting on a saddle. One bone is concave, the other is convex. Examples of condyloid joints are the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers. 3. Multi-axial: Muti-axial joints have three degrees of motion and can move in three planes. There are two types of multi-axial joints: ball and socket, and plane joints. An example of a **ball and socket joint** is the hip. The attachment of the carpal bones in the hand are considered plane joints where gliding is permitted between bones.

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(a. suture b. gomphosis  c.syndesmosis) || articulating bones are fastened together by a thin layer of dense connective tissue || none || suture between bones of skull, joint between the distal ends of tibia and fibula || (a.symphysis b. synchondrosis) || articulating bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage || limited movement, as when back is bent or twisted || joints between the bodies of vertebrae, symphysis pubis || (a. ball and socket b.condyloid  c.gliding  d.hinge  e.pivot  f.saddle || articulating bones are surrounded by a joint capsule of ligaments and synovial membranes; ends of articulating bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and separated by synovial fluid. || free movement: sliding, twisting, flexion, extension, rotation around a central axis...etc || shoulder, hip, joints between the metacarpals and phalanges, joints between various bones of wrist and ankle, sacroiliac joints, joints between ribs 2-7 and sternum, elbow, joints of phalanges, joints between the proximal ends of radius and ulna, joint between the carpal and metacarpal of thumb ||
 * Types of Joint || ** Description ** || ** Movements ** || ** Example ** ||
 * Fibrous
 * Cartilaginous
 * Synovial